Beekeeping Glossary

Name: Hivekraft
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Over 120 beekeeping terms - clearly explained for beginners and experienced beekeepers alike.

Nucleus Colony (Nuc): A nucleus colony is a small, newly formed bee colony taken from an existing hive. Brood frames with nurse bees and a young queen or queen cell are placed in a new hive box. Nucleus colonies serve for colony multiplication and swarm prevention.
Queen Excluder: A queen excluder is a grid made of metal or plastic placed between the brood chamber and honey super. The mesh size allows worker bees to pass through but prevents the larger queen from entering. This ensures the queen cannot lay eggs in the honey combs.
American Foulbrood (AFB): American Foulbrood is a notifiable bacterial disease caused by Paenibacillus larvae that attacks bee larvae. The spores can survive for decades in equipment and combs. Infected colonies typically require sanitation measures or complete destruction to prevent spread.
Formic Acid: Formic acid is an organic acid used for summer varroa treatment that evaporates inside the hive. Unlike other treatments, it penetrates capped brood cells where mites reproduce. It can be applied as a long-term treatment over several days or as a flash treatment method.
Nurse Bee: A nurse bee is a young worker bee typically between 3 and 12 days old that feeds larvae with royal jelly produced by her hypopharyngeal glands. Nurse bees are crucial for brood care and colony development. Their gland activity depends on adequate pollen consumption.
Heft Test (Tipping): The heft test is a quick weight check performed by lifting the back of the hive to gauge food stores without opening the colony. This simple monitoring method gives the beekeeper an immediate feel for whether winter stores are sufficient. Regular hefting is especially useful during late winter and early spring.
Autumn Feeding: Autumn feeding is the practice of feeding bees after the last honey harvest with sugar syrup or ready-made syrup to ensure adequate winter stores. A colony typically needs approximately 15 to 20 kg of stored food to survive winter. Feeding should be completed by mid-September in most temperate climates.
Supering: Supering is the practice of adding a honey super on top of the brood chamber at the start of the nectar flow. The timing depends on colony strength, available forage, and weather conditions. Adding supers too late can trigger the swarming impulse due to lack of space.

Trapping Comb Method: The trapping comb method is a biotechnical varroa control technique where the queen is caged on a single frame while remaining brood is removed. Varroa mites concentrate on the single comb with brood, which is then removed and destroyed. This method significantly reduces the mite load without chemical treatments.
Brood Chamber (Brood Box): The brood chamber is the lower section of a modular hive where the queen lays her eggs and brood is reared. It is separated from the honey super above by a queen excluder. Depending on the hive system, the brood chamber may consist of one or two boxes.
Wax-Building Bee: A wax-building bee is a worker bee aged approximately 12 to 18 days that produces wax scales from glands on her abdomen. These tiny wax flakes are chewed and shaped by the bees to construct new comb. Wax production is energy-intensive and requires significant nectar consumption.
Mating Flight: The mating flight is the nuptial flight of a virgin queen to a drone congregation area where she mates with 10 to 20 drones in mid-air. She stores enough sperm in her spermatheca to fertilize eggs for her entire life, typically 3 to 5 years. Poor weather during the mating period can result in poorly mated queens.
Mating Station: A mating station is a controlled mating location stocked with selected drone colonies to ensure specific genetics in queen mating. These stations are often established in isolated areas such as islands or mountain valleys to prevent uncontrolled mating. Mating stations are essential for structured bee breeding programs.
Treatment Record Book: The treatment record book is a legally required document in which all treatments with veterinary medicines must be documented. Beekeepers are obligated to record application date, product, dosage, and withdrawal period for each colony. Hivekraft digitizes this legal requirement.
Hive (Beehive): The hive is the artificial housing for a bee colony. There are various hive systems such as Langstroth, Dadant, or National, differing in frame size and construction. Modern hives are usually made of wood or polystyrene and have a modular design.
Bien (Superorganism): Bien is the German term for the bee colony understood as a superorganism, where the colony functions as a single entity with collective intelligence. Individual bees act as cells of this superorganism, with specialized roles for workers, drones, and the queen. The concept emphasizes that the colony, not the individual bee, is the biological unit of survival.
Bee Beard (Washboarding): A bee beard is a cluster of bees hanging outside the hive entrance during hot weather or when the colony is overcrowded. This behavior serves temperature regulation by reducing the number of bees generating heat inside the hive. A bee beard is usually not a sign of imminent swarming but rather normal thermoregulation.
Bee Escape: A bee escape is a device that allows bees to pass in only one direction. It is placed between the brood chamber and honey super so bees can leave the honey super but cannot return. This allows the beekeeper to harvest the honey super with minimal bees present.
Bee Disease Regulation: The Bee Disease Regulation is a legal framework governing the control of bee diseases, including notification requirements for American Foulbrood and official containment measures. Comparable regulations exist in many countries to protect bee health at a national level. Compliance is mandatory for all beekeepers and enforced by veterinary authorities.
Bee Pasture (Forage): Bee pasture refers to the total of all nectar and pollen-providing plants available in the foraging area around an apiary. The quality and diversity of bee pasture directly influences honey yield, colony development, and bee health. Beekeepers can improve local forage by planting bee-friendly flowers and supporting wildflower meadows.
Blossom Honey: Blossom honey is honey produced primarily from flower nectar, as opposed to honeydew honey from tree secretions. Its color, flavor, and crystallization speed vary depending on the dominant nectar source. Blossom honey generally has a milder taste and lighter color than honeydew honey.
Brood Nest: The brood nest is the central area in the beehive where the queen lays her eggs. It contains eggs, larvae, and capped brood arranged in concentric circles. A compact, gap-free brood pattern is an important indicator of a healthy, strong colony.
Buckfast Bee: The Buckfast bee is a hybrid breed developed by Brother Adam at Buckfast Abbey in England through decades of crossbreeding. It is known for its gentleness, low swarming tendency, and good honey production. Buckfast bees are widely used across Europe and valued for their adaptability and disease resistance.

Carniolan Bee: The Carniolan bee (Apis mellifera carnica) is the most common bee race in German-speaking countries. It is known for its gentleness, low swarming tendency, and excellent spring build-up that closely matches available forage. Carniolan bees are also appreciated for their economical winter food consumption.
Creamed Honey: Creamed honey is honey with a controlled fine crystallization resulting in a smooth, spreadable consistency achieved through regular stirring during the crystallization process. The technique uses seed honey with fine crystals to guide the formation of uniformly small crystals throughout the batch. Creamed honey is very popular with consumers due to its pleasant texture.

Dadant (Hive System): Dadant is a widely used hive system developed by Charles Dadant. It features a large brood chamber (frame size 435 x 300 mm) and smaller honey supers. The system is particularly popular among commercial beekeepers as it allows simple colony management with an undivided brood chamber.
DIB Jar: The DIB jar is the standardized jar of the German Beekeepers Association (Deutscher Imkerbund) with its distinctive green tamper-evident seal. It represents verified quality and compliance with the stricter DIB honey standards, which exceed EU minimum requirements. Using DIB jars requires membership and adherence to specific quality guidelines.
Drone: Drones are the male bees of a colony. Their sole purpose is mating with young queens at drone congregation areas. Drones have no stinger, cannot collect nectar, and are expelled from the hive during the late summer drone eviction.
Drone Frame (Comb Trap): A drone frame is an empty frame without foundation where bees preferentially build drone-sized cells. Varroa mites prefer to reproduce in drone brood due to its longer development period, so regularly cutting out sealed drone comb significantly reduces the mite population. This biological control method is a key element of integrated varroa management.
Drone Congregation Area (DCA): A drone congregation area is a specific aerial location at 15 to 30 meters height where drones from surrounding colonies gather to wait for virgin queens. These locations remain stable from year to year despite annual drone turnover. The phenomenon ensures genetic diversity by enabling queens to mate with drones from distant colonies.
Drone Eviction: Drone eviction is the expulsion of drones from the hive by worker bees in late summer when the mating season is over. Workers prevent drones from feeding and push them out of the entrance to conserve food stores for winter. The timing of drone eviction can indicate the colony's assessment of the end of the season.
Dark European Bee: The dark European bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) is the originally native honey bee of Central and Northern Europe, characterized by its dark coloring and robust, cold-hardy nature. Populations were largely replaced by Carniolan and Buckfast bees during the 20th century. Today it is preserved and promoted through dedicated conservation breeding programs.
Hive Inspection: A hive inspection is the regular examination of a bee colony by the beekeeper. During an inspection, colony strength, brood pattern, food stores, queen status, and health are assessed. Hivekraft enables digital documentation of every inspection.

Winter Feeding: Winter feeding is the autumn feeding of bees after the last honey harvest with sugar syrup at a 3:2 ratio or ready-made syrup to replace the harvested honey stores. The bees process and cap the syrup in the combs for winter consumption. Adequate winter stores are essential for colony survival through the cold months.
Egg Laying: Egg laying refers to the queen's reproductive activity, with a healthy queen capable of laying up to 2,000 eggs per day during the peak season. The laying pattern, visible as a compact area of cells containing eggs, is an important indicator of queen quality. Irregular or spotty laying patterns may signal queen problems or disease.
Reducing Space (Narrowing): Reducing space means decreasing the hive volume by removing empty supers or inserting follower boards to match the colony size. This is typically done in autumn to help bees maintain hive temperature more efficiently during winter. Proper space management prevents moisture buildup and reduces energy expenditure for heating.
Uncapping Fork: An uncapping fork is a tool with fine tines used for opening the wax cappings on honey combs before extraction in the honey extractor. It serves as an alternative or supplement to the uncapping knife, particularly useful for reaching lower spots or missed cappings. The fork scratches through the wax cappings without removing large amounts of wax.
Enzyme Content (Diastase Number): The enzyme content of honey is a quality indicator measuring the activity of the diastase enzyme, expressed as the diastase number in Schade units. A minimum of 8 Schade units is required by EU regulation, with higher values indicating better quality and less heat damage. The diastase number decreases with excessive heating or prolonged storage.
European Foulbrood (EFB): European Foulbrood is a bacterial brood disease caused by Melissococcus plutonius that primarily affects unsealed larvae. It is less aggressive than American Foulbrood, and strong colonies can often recover on their own or with supportive management. Symptoms include discolored, twisted larvae and a patchy brood pattern.

Shook Swarm: A shook swarm is a colony formation method where all bees are shaken from their combs into a new hive equipped with fresh foundation, creating a brood-free restart. This technique is also used for varroa mite reduction since mites in the removed brood are eliminated. The bees quickly build new comb and the colony can recover within one season.
Deformed Wing Virus (DWV): Deformed Wing Virus is the most common virus transmitted by varroa mites to developing bee pupae. Infected bees emerge with crippled, shriveled wings and have a significantly shortened lifespan. High DWV levels are a primary cause of colony losses associated with varroa mite infestations.
Flying Bee Split: A flying bee split is a colony division method where the original hive is moved to a new location and a nucleus with the queen is placed at the old spot. Forager bees returning from the field reinforce the nucleus at the original location, while the moved hive retains nurse bees and brood. This method effectively divides the colony by exploiting the foragers' homing instinct.
Hypopharyngeal Gland: The hypopharyngeal gland is a paired gland located in the head of worker bees that produces royal jelly, the protein-rich food for larvae and the queen. It is particularly active in nurse bees between days 3 and 12 of their adult life. Adequate pollen nutrition is essential for proper gland development and function.
Food Crown (Honey Arch): The food crown is the area surrounding the brood nest where bees store honey and pollen as food reserves. A well-filled food crown ensures the supply for brood and colony. Sufficient food stores are particularly important in spring and before winter.
Fondant / Sugar Syrup: Fondant and sugar syrup are common bee feeds. Sugar syrup (ratio 2:1 or 1:1) is used for autumn feeding, while fondant serves as emergency feed in winter or spring placed on top of the frames. Both replace the honey that was harvested.

Royal Jelly: Royal jelly is a nutrient-rich, milky-white secretion produced by nurse bees from their hypopharyngeal glands. All larvae receive royal jelly for the first three days, but only queen larvae continue to be fed exclusively with it, which triggers their development into queens. Royal jelly is also harvested as a health supplement and cosmetic ingredient.
Debris Analysis (Mite Drop Count): Debris analysis is a method for assessing the varroa mite load of a bee colony. A sticky board is placed under the screened bottom board to collect the natural mite fall over several days. The daily mite drop indicates whether treatment is necessary.
Growing Degree Days (GTS): Growing Degree Days (Gruenlandtemperatursumme) is a cumulative sum of positive daily mean temperatures from January 1st onward. When the GTS reaches approximately 200, sustained plant growth begins and the first significant nectar flows can be expected. This metric is an important indicator for beekeepers to anticipate the start of the active beekeeping season.

Heather Honey: Heather honey is a varietal honey produced from ling heather (Calluna vulgaris) with a distinctive gel-like, thixotropic consistency that requires pressing rather than centrifugal extraction. It has a strong, aromatic flavor and is a specialty of the Lueneburg Heath region in northern Germany. Due to its unique properties and limited availability, heather honey commands premium prices.
HMF Value (Hydroxymethylfurfural): The HMF value measures the concentration of hydroxymethylfurfural in honey, a chemical compound that forms during heating and prolonged storage. EU regulation permits a maximum of 40 mg/kg, while the stricter German DIB standard limits it to 15 mg/kg. A low HMF value indicates that honey has been carefully processed and stored.
Honey Super: The honey super is the upper section of the beehive where bees store surplus honey. It is separated from the brood chamber by a queen excluder and is removed by the beekeeper for honey harvesting. Depending on the nectar flow, multiple honey supers can be added.
Honey Extractor: A honey extractor is a device for extracting honey from combs. Centrifugal force spins the honey out of uncapped combs without destroying them. Manual and motorized extractors are available with varying capacities for hobby and commercial beekeepers.
Honey Regulation (HonigV): The Honey Regulation (Honigverordnung) is the German legal standard defining honey quality requirements. It sets limits for maximum moisture content of 20%, HMF values, minimum enzyme activity, and specific labeling obligations. Compliance is verified through laboratory analysis and is mandatory for all commercially sold honey.

Beekeeping Mentorship: A beekeeping mentorship is a structured relationship between an experienced beekeeper and a beginner, providing hands-on learning at the apiary. Mentors guide newcomers through their first full beekeeping year, covering seasonal management tasks. Many beekeeping associations organize mentorship programs as part of their training curriculum.
Seed Honey (Starter): Seed honey is finely crystallized honey used as a starter when stirring freshly extracted liquid honey to produce creamed honey. The fine crystal structure of the seed honey is passed on to the new batch through regular stirring over several days. Typically about 5 to 10 percent seed honey is mixed into the liquid honey.
Invert Sugar: Invert sugar is a mixture of glucose and fructose that forms the main sugar component of honey. It is created by the enzymatic splitting of sucrose through the bee enzyme invertase during the honey ripening process. The ratio of glucose to fructose determines the crystallization behavior of the finished honey.

Maiden Flight: The maiden flight refers to the first orientation flight of young bees leaving the hive, as well as the virgin queen's first flight to a drone congregation area for mating. Young worker bees take short orientation flights to memorize the hive location before becoming foragers. For queens, a successful maiden flight is critical as it determines her reproductive capacity for life.
Colony Increase: Colony increase is the process of building new bee colonies through splits, artificial swarms, or captured swarms. It is essential for renewing colony stock, replacing winter losses, and expanding the apiary. Successful colony increase requires adequate drone availability and favorable weather conditions during the mating season.

Chalkbrood: Chalkbrood is a fungal brood disease caused by Ascosphaera apis that primarily affects larvae in cool, damp conditions. Infected larvae mummify into hard, white or black chalky lumps that can be found on the bottom board and at the hive entrance. Strong colonies usually overcome chalkbrood when conditions improve and the colony is requeened.
Cold Way / Warm Way: Cold way and warm way describe the orientation of combs relative to the entrance. In cold way, combs run perpendicular to the entrance, allowing cool air to flow between comb gaps. In warm way, they run parallel - the first comb blocks the airflow. Most modern hives use the cold way orientation.
Brushed Swarm: A brushed swarm is created by brushing bees off combs into a swarm box, then introducing a mated queen. This method is used for colony multiplication or as a sanitation measure to break the brood cycle. Unlike a natural swarm, the beekeeper controls the timing and composition of the brushed swarm.
Queen Bee: The queen is the only fully developed female bee in the colony. She is responsible for egg laying and can lay up to 2,000 eggs per day during peak season. A good queen is crucial for colony development. Beekeepers mark queens with color dots for easier identification.
Artificial Swarm: An artificial swarm is a manually created swarm without brood, where bees are shaken from combs into a swarm box and given a mated or virgin queen. This method is used for colony multiplication and also serves as a varroa sanitation technique since the brood-free period disrupts mite reproduction. The bees are housed on fresh foundation to start with clean comb.

Baker's Honey (Industrial Grade): Baker's honey is honey that no longer meets the quality requirements of the honey regulation due to excessive HMF values, moisture content, or fermentation. It cannot be sold as table honey but may be used in baked goods and industrial food production. The designation must be clearly labeled to distinguish it from standard retail honey.
Regional Beekeeping Association: A regional beekeeping association is a state-level beekeeper organization that is typically a member of the national beekeeping federation. It offers training courses, insurance coverage, legal advice, and represents beekeepers' interests at the regional level. Membership often provides access to DIB jar usage rights and subsidized equipment.
Langstroth (Hive System): The Langstroth hive is the world's most widely used hive system, developed by Reverend Lorenzo L. Langstroth in 1851 with a standard frame size of 448 x 232 mm. It introduced the revolutionary concept of bee space, the precise gap bees leave open for passage. The Langstroth system is the standard in North America and many other countries worldwide.

Modular Hive (Magazine Hive): A modular hive is a modern beehive consisting of stackable boxes called supers that allow flexible space adjustment. The beekeeper can add honey supers during nectar flow and remove them after harvest, adapting the hive volume to colony needs. This system has largely replaced fixed-comb hives in modern beekeeping.
Mead (Honey Wine): Mead is an alcoholic beverage produced by fermenting honey diluted with water, making it one of humanity's oldest alcoholic drinks. Modern meadmaking uses controlled yeast strains and can include fruits, spices, or hops for flavor variations. Mead production is a popular side business for beekeepers to add value to their honey harvest.
Lactic Acid: Lactic acid is an organic acid approved for varroa treatment, applied by spraying directly onto bees in brood-free colonies or artificial swarms. It is well-tolerated by bees and leaves no residues in honey or wax. Due to its limitation to brood-free application, it is primarily used for treating artificial swarms and late-season splits.
Foundation (Wax Sheet): Foundation sheets are thin, pressed beeswax sheets with an embossed cell pattern that are wired into frames. They provide bees with a building template and significantly speed up comb construction. Foundation should be made from residue-free beeswax.

Emergency Queen Cell: An emergency queen cell is built by bees from an existing young worker larva when the queen is suddenly lost or removed. Unlike swarm cells found at the comb edges, emergency cells are located in the middle of the comb face. Queens raised from emergency cells may be of lower quality if the larvae used were already too old.
Nasonov Gland: The Nasonov gland is a scent gland located on the dorsal side of the worker bee's abdomen that releases an orientation pheromone when exposed during fanning behavior. Bees fan at the hive entrance with their abdomens raised to disperse this scent, helping returning foragers and disoriented bees locate the colony. The pheromone blend includes geraniol and citral.
Natural Comb: In natural comb building, the beekeeper forgoes foundation sheets and lets bees build their combs freely. The bees determine cell size and arrangement themselves. Natural comb is primarily practiced in natural beekeeping approaches and allows construction of naturally smaller worker cells.
Nosema: Nosema is a microsporidian gut parasite of honey bees, with two species affecting bees: Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. Infection causes dysentery, shortened lifespan, and reduced colony productivity, and is favored by long winter confinement and damp conditions. Good hive ventilation, strong colonies, and regular comb replacement help prevent outbreaks.

Oxalic Acid: Oxalic acid is an organic veterinary treatment used against varroa mites. It is applied during the brood-free winter period using the trickle or spray method. The treatment is highly effective against mites sitting on bees and is an important component of integrated varroa management.

Pheromones: Pheromones are chemical messenger substances used for communication within the bee colony. The queen substance (queen mandibular pheromone) regulates swarming behavior and suppresses worker egg-laying, while alarm pheromones released at the sting site trigger defense behavior. Pheromone communication is essential for coordinating the activities of tens of thousands of individual bees.
Pollen Basket (Corbicula): The pollen basket, or corbicula, is a specialized structure on the hind legs of forager bees used to transport pollen loads back to the hive. The color of the pollen pellets indicates which plant species the bee has visited, ranging from bright yellow to dark red or grey. Pollen provides the colony's essential protein source for brood rearing.
Pressed Honey: Pressed honey is obtained by pressing combs rather than using centrifugal extraction, preserving more of the honey's natural aromas and pollen content. This traditional method is especially used for heather honey, whose gel-like consistency makes centrifugal extraction impractical. Pressed honey is considered a premium product due to its labor-intensive production.
Propolis (Bee Glue): Propolis is a resinous, sticky substance that bees collect from tree buds and resins. It serves to seal cracks, disinfect the hive, and protect against pathogens. Propolis has antibacterial properties and is also used in natural medicine.

Frame: Frames are wooden or plastic structures into which foundation sheets are fitted. They allow individual combs to be removed from the hive. Frame dimensions correspond to the hive system (e.g., Langstroth, Dadant, National). Lugs on the sides maintain proper spacing.
Rapeseed Honey: Rapeseed honey is one of the most common varietal honeys in Germany, characterized by its very light color and mild, delicate flavor. It crystallizes particularly quickly due to its high glucose content and becomes firm within weeks of extraction. Stirring during crystallization produces a popular creamy consistency.
Refractometer: A refractometer is an optical measuring device used to determine the moisture content of honey by measuring the refraction of light through a honey sample. Honey should ideally be below 18% moisture content to meet quality standards and prevent fermentation. Regular refractometer testing before harvest ensures only ripe, high-quality honey is extracted.
Reinvasion (Mite Drift): Reinvasion is the reinfection of a successfully treated colony with varroa mites carried in by drifting bees or robbing bees from neighboring untreated or collapsing colonies. This phenomenon can rapidly rebuild mite populations even after effective treatment. Coordinated treatment timing among nearby beekeepers is the best strategy to minimize reinvasion.
Round Dance / Waggle Dance: The round dance and waggle dance are the bee communication system discovered by Karl von Frisch, who received the Nobel Prize for this work. The round dance indicates food sources nearby (under 100 meters), while the waggle dance conveys the precise direction and distance of more distant sources. The angle of the waggle run relative to vertical indicates direction relative to the sun.

Swarm / Swarming Instinct: Swarming is the natural reproduction method of honey bee colonies. The old queen leaves the hive with roughly half the bees. The remaining bees raise a new queen. Beekeepers manage swarming through splitting, making nucleus colonies, or regular inspection of swarm cells.
Smoker: The smoker is the beekeeper's most important tool when working with bees. Smoke causes bees to gorge on honey, making them calmer and less likely to sting. Common fuel materials include wood shavings, egg cartons, or special smoker pellets.
Varietal Honey: Varietal honey, or monofloral honey, is honey predominantly produced from the nectar of one plant species, such as rapeseed, acacia, or linden. Verification is performed through pollen analysis (melissopalynology) and sensory testing to confirm the dominant nectar source. Varietal honeys command higher prices due to their distinctive flavor profiles and consumer appeal.
Spermatheca: The spermatheca is the queen bee's specialized organ for storing sperm collected during her mating flights. It nourishes the stored sperm with glandular secretions, keeping it viable for the queen's entire reproductive life of up to five years. The queen selectively releases sperm to fertilize eggs destined to become workers or queens, while unfertilized eggs develop into drones.
Restriction Zone: A restriction zone is an officially ordered protection area established around an American Foulbrood outbreak, typically with a minimum radius of 1 kilometer. Within this zone, bee colonies may not be moved, and all apiaries must be inspected by veterinary authorities. The restriction is lifted only after all colonies in the zone test negative for AFB spores.
Stationary Beekeeping: Stationary beekeeping is the practice of keeping bees at a fixed permanent location without migrating to different nectar flows. It is the most common method among hobby beekeepers due to its simplicity and lower equipment requirements. Honey yields depend entirely on the local forage available within the bees' flight radius of approximately 3 kilometers.
Fanning (Scenting): Fanning or scenting is a behavior where bees stand at the hive entrance with raised abdomens and exposed Nasonov glands, vigorously beating their wings to disperse orientation pheromone. This behavior helps returning foragers, newly oriented young bees, and swarms locate the hive entrance. Fanning is often visible in the evening when many foragers return simultaneously.
Hive Record Card: The hive record card documents all important information about a bee colony. It contains notes on inspections, treatments, feedings, queen status, and special events. Hivekraft replaces the traditional paper hive record with a digital solution.
Hive Climate: Hive climate refers to the temperature and humidity-regulated atmosphere inside the beehive, actively controlled by bee fanning and water evaporation. The brood nest area is maintained at approximately 35 degrees Celsius with 40 to 60 percent relative humidity, optimal for brood development. Bees can heat the hive by vibrating their flight muscles and cool it through water evaporation and fanning.
Hive Tool: The hive tool is a universal beekeeper's instrument used for prying apart frames stuck with propolis, scraping wax and propolis residue, and levering supers. It is considered indispensable basic equipment that every beekeeper carries during hive work. Various designs exist including the standard flat type and the J-hook style.

Thymol: Thymol is an essential oil compound used for varroa mite treatment in late summer, available as the active ingredient in products like Apiguard and Thymovar. It evaporates temperature-dependently over several weeks, requiring ambient temperatures between 15 and 30 degrees Celsius for effectiveness. Thymol treatment should be completed before winter feeding to avoid flavor transfer to honey stores.
Nectar Flow (Forage Season): The nectar flow refers to the availability of nectar and pollen sources for bees during the active season. It is divided into early flow (e.g., fruit blossom, rapeseed), main flow (e.g., linden, acacia), and late flow (e.g., heather). Local forage conditions are the primary factor determining a colony's honey yield.
Tracheal Mite (Acarapis woodi): The tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) is a parasitic mite that lives and reproduces inside the airways (tracheae) of honey bees. Infestation can cause inability to fly, crawling bees at the entrance, and reduced colony vigor. Once a significant problem, tracheal mites have become rare in Europe due to naturally resistant bee populations.
Forage Plant (Nectar Source): Forage plants are plants that provide bees with nectar and/or pollen. Important nectar sources include rapeseed, linden, fruit trees, acacia, and chestnut. Knowledge of local nectar flows helps the beekeeper choose apiary locations and estimate honey harvests.
Nectar Flow Network: A nectar flow network is a system of connected hive scales that monitor weight changes across multiple apiaries and regions in real time. The data enables beekeepers to assess the onset, strength, and duration of nectar flows across a wide area. This collective data helps migratory beekeepers decide when and where to move their colonies.

Grafting: Grafting involves transferring very young worker larvae (under 24 hours old) from their cells into artificial queen cups using a special grafting tool. The bees then raise these larvae as queens. This queen rearing method enables targeted selection of desirable genetics.
Requeening: Requeening is the replacement of the queen in a colony, either through natural supersedure where bees replace an aging queen on their own, or through managed requeening by the beekeeper with a new introduced queen. A new queen is typically introduced in a cage to allow the colony time to accept her pheromones. Regular requeening every one to two years helps maintain productive, gentle colonies.

Varroa Mite: The varroa mite (Varroa destructor) is the most dangerous parasite of the western honey bee. It reproduces in capped brood cells and transmits viruses. Without regular treatment, an infestation leads to colony collapse. Varroa management is the central responsibility of every beekeeper.
Varroa Management Plan: A varroa management plan is an integrated annual strategy for controlling varroa mite populations throughout the beekeeping season. It combines biotechnical measures such as drone frame removal and brood interruption with timed organic acid treatments in summer and winter. Consistent execution of the plan is critical for keeping mite levels below the damage threshold.
Uniting (Combining): Uniting is the process of merging two bee colonies into one, most commonly using the newspaper method where a sheet of newspaper is placed between the two boxes. The bees gradually chew through the paper, allowing the colonies to mix pheromones and combine peacefully. This technique is applied to strengthen weak colonies, combine queenless units, or consolidate before winter.
Colony Strength: Colony strength describes the number of bees in a colony, measured by occupied frame gaps or weight. A strong colony has 40,000-60,000 bees in summer, shrinking to 10,000-15,000 in winter. Colony strength directly influences honey yield and overwintering ability.

Comb (Honeycomb): A honeycomb is a structure built from beeswax consisting of hexagonal cells used by bees for brood rearing and for storing honey and pollen. The hexagonal shape is the most structurally efficient and material-saving geometry found in nature. Each comb consists of two layers of cells built back to back.
Comb Hygiene: Comb hygiene is the regular replacement of old, dark brood combs with fresh foundation to reduce disease pressure and chemical residues. A common rule of thumb is to renew approximately one-third of all brood combs each year. Old combs accumulate pesticide residues, disease spores, and cocoon layers that reduce cell size over time.
Wax Gland: Wax glands are four pairs of glands located on the ventral abdomen of young worker bees that produce small, translucent wax scales. Bees chew these scales and mix them with mandibular secretions to create the pliable building material for comb construction. Wax production is highly energy-intensive, requiring approximately 6 to 7 kg of honey to produce 1 kg of beeswax.
Wax Moth: Wax moths, including the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) and lesser wax moth (Achroia grisella), are pests whose larvae tunnel through and destroy beeswax combs. They primarily affect weak colonies and stored comb in poorly ventilated conditions. Prevention includes maintaining strong colonies and storing empty combs in cool, well-ventilated areas or treating with sulfur.
Forest Honey (Honeydew Honey): Forest honey, or honeydew honey, is produced from honeydew excreted by aphids and scale insects feeding on tree sap rather than from flower nectar. It is characterized by its darker color, stronger mineral flavor, and slower crystallization compared to blossom honey. Forest honey is particularly prized in German-speaking countries and commands premium prices.
Migratory Beekeeping: Migratory beekeeping is the practice of transporting bee colonies to different locations to access successive nectar flows such as rapeseed, linden, or heather. This significantly increases honey yield compared to stationary beekeeping but requires specialized transport equipment and knowledge of regional nectar flows. Migratory beekeepers must comply with health regulations and obtain necessary permits.
Moisture Content: Moisture content is a critical honey quality criterion, with EU regulation setting a maximum of 20% and the stricter German DIB standard requiring a maximum of 18%. It is measured with a refractometer before and during extraction to ensure only ripe honey is harvested. Excessive moisture leads to fermentation, rendering the honey unsaleable as table honey.
Queenlessness: Queenlessness is the state of a colony without a functional queen, recognizable by restless, roaring behavior, the appearance of drone-laying workers, and the absence of fresh eggs. If not resolved quickly, the colony will decline as no new workers are being produced. Beekeepers can remedy the situation by introducing a new mated queen, a queen cell, or a frame of young brood.
Queen Cell: Queen cells are special acorn-shaped cells in which queens are raised. Swarm cells hang from the bottom comb edge (swarming instinct), while supersedure cells are found in the middle of the comb (after queen loss). Beekeepers regularly check for queen cells during swarm management.
Winter Cluster: The winter cluster is the spherical formation bees create during cold months to generate and conserve heat within the hive. The core temperature is maintained at approximately 20 to 25 degrees Celsius, while bees on the outer shell endure near-freezing temperatures. Bees continuously rotate between the warm core and the cooler outer shell, consuming honey stores for energy.
Production Colony: A production colony is a strong, fully developed bee colony with enough bees for honey production. It typically comprises at least 30,000 to 50,000 bees and is actively managed for honey harvesting.

Zander (Hive System): The Zander system is a widely used hive standard in German-speaking countries, named after Enoch Zander. The frame measures 420 x 220 mm. Zander hives are typically operated as modular hives with two brood chambers and are particularly popular among hobby beekeepers in southern Germany.
Super (Hive Box): A super, or Zarge in German, is an individual box or story of a modular hive system. Brood supers contain the brood nest where the queen lays eggs, while honey supers placed above serve for surplus honey storage. Supers can be stacked as needed to accommodate colony growth and honey production.
Selective Breeding: Selective breeding in beekeeping involves the targeted selection of the best-performing colonies for queen rearing based on criteria such as gentleness, honey yield, low swarming tendency, and disease resistance. Breeding values are often determined through standardized performance testing at regional testing apiaries. Systematic selective breeding has significantly improved bee genetics and colony productivity over generations.

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